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      <title>TEMPERATURE</title>
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      <div class="title_refTopic" id="xps10_pagetitle">TEMPERATURE </div>
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      <h4 class="refClassification">Temperature Set Selection </h4>
      <p class="para_refTopic">Selects the temperature set to be used in either material property calculations or thermal loading in heat transfer and structural analysis. </p>
      <div class="title_refCategory">Format: </div>
      <div class="refCategoryContent">
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      <div class="title_refCategory">Examples: </div>
      <div class="refCategoryContent"><pre class="indent">TEMPERATURE(LOAD)=15
TEMPERATURE(MATERIAL)=7
TEMPERATURE=7</pre></div>
      <div class="title_refCategory">Describers:</div>
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                     <p class="para_th"><b class="uiTerm">Describer </b></p>
                  </th>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
                     <p class="para_th"><b class="uiTerm">Meaning </b></p>
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                     <p class="para_td">MATERIAL </p>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top">
                     <p class="para_td">The selected temperature set will be used to determine temperature-dependent material properties indicated on the MATTi Bulk Data entries.  See Remarks <a class="links" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="top.openFile('QRG/05ref73192_160.html#ref15394');return(false);">201-6</a> and <a class="links" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="top.openFile('QRG/05ref73192_160.html#ref65990');return(false);">201-7</a>.
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                     <p class="para_td">LOAD </p>
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                     <p class="para_td">The selected temperature set will be used to determine an equivalent static load and to update material properties in a nonlinear analysis.  See Remarks <a class="links" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="top.openFile('QRG/05ref73192_160.html#ref15394');return(false);">201-6</a> and <a class="links" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="top.openFile('QRG/05ref73192_160.html#ref65990');return(false);">201-7. </a></p>
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                     <p class="para_td">BOTH </p>
                  </td>
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                     <p class="para_td">Both MATERIAL and LOAD will use the same temperature set. </p>
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                     <p class="para_td">n </p>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top">
                     <p class="para_td">Set identification number of TEMP, TEMPD, TEMPP1, TEMPRB, TEMPF, or TEMPAX Bulk Data entries.  (Integer&gt;0) </p>
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                     <p class="para_td">INITIAL </p>
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                  <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top">
                     <p class="para_td">The selected temperature table will be used to determine initial temperature distribution in nonlinear static analysis. See Remarks <a class="links" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="top.openFile('QRG/05ref73192_160.html#ref15394');return(false);">201-6</a> and <a class="links" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="top.openFile('QRG/05ref73192_160.html#ref65990');return(false);">201-7</a>.
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      <div class="title_refCategory">Remarks: </div>
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         <ol type="1" start="1">
            <li>
               <p class="para_item">In linear analysis, only one temperature-dependent material request should be made in any problem and should be specified above the subcase level.  If multiple requests are made, then only the last request will be processed.  See also Remarks <a class="links" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="top.openFile('QRG/05ref73192_160.html#ref15394');return(false);">201-6</a> and <a class="links" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="top.openFile('QRG/05ref73192_160.html#ref65990');return(false);">201-7</a>.
               </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p class="para_item">The total load applied will be the sum of the external (LOAD command), thermal (TEMP(LOAD) command), element deformation (DEFORM command) and constrained displacement (SPC command) loads. </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p class="para_item">Static, thermal, and element deformation loads should have unique set identification numbers. </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p class="para_item">INITIAL is used in steady state heat transfer analysis for conduction material properties and provides starting values for iteration. </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p class="para_item">In superelement data recovery restarts, TEMPERATURE(LOAD) requests must be respecified in the Case Control Section. </p>
            </li>
            <li><a name="ref15394"></a><p class="para_item">The following rules apply in structural nonlinear static analysis, which supports temperature-dependent material properties. </p>
               <ul>
                  <li>
                     <p class="para_item">The specification of TEMPERATURE(INITIAL) is required above the subcase level.  The specification of TEMPERATURE(MATERIAL) or TEMPERATURE(BOTH) will cause a fatal error. </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p class="para_item">If a subcase does not contain a TEMPERATURE(LOAD) request, then the thermal load set will default to the TEMPERATURE(INITIAL) set. </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p class="para_item">TEMPERATURE(LOAD) will also cause the update of temperature-dependent material properties due to the temperatures selected in the thermal load set.  Temperature-dependent material properties are specified with MATi, MATTi, MATS1, and/or TABLEST Bulk Data entries. </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p class="para_item">If TREF and TEMPERATURE(INITIAL) are specified, then the TEMPERATURE(INITIAL) set will be used as the initial temperature to calculate both the loads and the material properties.  Both are used in the definition of thermal strain. </p>
                  </li>
               </ul>
            </li>
            <li><a name="ref65990"></a><p class="para_item">In linear analysis, if no TEMP(INIT) is present, TREF of the MATi is used to define the datum of temperature.  If TEMP(INIT) is present, it is used to define the datum temperature. </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p class="para_item">TEMPERATURE(MATERIAL) and TEMPERATURE(INITIAL) cannot be specified simultaneously in the same run. </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p class="para_item">TEMP(INIT) is not used with TEMPAX. </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p class="para_item">Temperature loads cause incorrect stresses in dynamic analysis. </p>
            </li>
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      <div class="title_refCategory">Remarks related to SOLs 601 and 701: </div>
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            <li>
               <p class="para_item">Only TEMPERATURE(INITIAL) and TEMPERATURE(LOAD) are allowed. A fatal error will be issued if TEMPERATURE(MATERIAL) or TEMPERATURE(BOTH) is specified. </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p class="para_item">n should reference the set identification number of the TEMP or TEMPD Bulk Data entry only. </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p class="para_item">Temperature loads can be used in both static and transient analysis. </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p class="para_item">TEMPERATURE(LOAD) is used to select a constant temperature load. For time-dependent temperature load, DLOAD command is used instead. </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p class="para_item">If TEMPERATURE(INITIAL) is not specified, then initial temperatures are assumed to be zero. </p>
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