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      <title>FLD Description</title>
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      <div class="title_topic2" id="xps10_pagetitle">FLD Description</div>
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      <p class="para_topic">The major strain and minor strain for each element (as calculated by the AutoFormTM OneStep) is used to classify each element according to the Forming Limit Diagram (FLD).</p>
      <p align="center"><img align="bottom" src="graphics/dfm_fld.gif"></p>
      <div class="title_division">Source for FLD Curves</div>
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                  <p class="para_th">FLC</p>
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                  <p class="para_td">The Forming Limit Curve is defined in the material properties database. Material Properties can be assigned to the part by selecting Tools-Material Properties... from the main menu. The FLC is automatically adjusted higher or lower on the FLD based on the blank thickness.</p>
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                  <p class="para_th">Marginalp</p>
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                  <p class="para_td">The Marginal curve is a safety factor (percentage) below the FLC. The value for Margin is defined in the customer defaults. The initial value is 10%.</p>
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                  <p class="para_th">Limit</p>
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                  <p class="para_td">This curve is not really part of the FLD. Since the major strain is always larger than the minor strain, no element can be classified below this line.</p>
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                  <p class="para_th">Dt=0</p>
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                  <p class="para_td">This curve represents the minor strain, major strain combinations at which there is no change in thickness of the sheet metal. Wrinkling is almost certain to occur below this curve.</p>
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                  <p class="para_th">Dt=maximum_thinning</p>
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                  <p class="para_td">This curve as shown on the FLD above represents&nbsp; the minor strain, major strain combinations at which the thickness of the sheet has a constant thinning. The value for Maximum Thinning is defined in the customer defaults. The initial value is 30%. Any point above this line represents elements which have excess thinning.</p>
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                  <p class="para_th">Minimum Strain Threshold</p>
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                  <p class="para_td">Sheet metal requires a certain minimum strain in order to hold its shape well. The value for Minimum Strain Threshold is defined in the customer defaults. The initial value is 2%. A value of 5% is used in the above FLD for clarity. Any point below this curve represents elements with insufficient stretching.</p>
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